Association of Peri-Implant Keratinized Mucosa Width and Mucosal Thickness with Early Bone Loss: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of keratinized mucosa width (KMW) and mucosal thickness (MT) around dental implants on marginal bone loss (MBL). The evaluation was performed one year after loading by comparing clinical, radiographic, and biochemical parameters. Methods: The study included 87 implants in 87 patients undergoing regular follow-ups without hard or soft tissue augmentation one year after loading. Clinical measurements included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), KMW, and MT. MBL was assessed with periapical radiography. The peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and microRNA-27a. Results: The MBL of implants with thin MT (<2 mm) was higher than that of implants with thick MT (≥2 mm) (p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation (r: -0.217) was established between MT and MBL. No significant association was found between KMW and MBL (p > 0.05). No significant associations was found between KMW and MT with TNF-α, RANKL, OPG and RANKL/OPG (p > 0.05), with the exception of increased microRNA-27a levels in implants with KMW ≥ 2 mm (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Implants with a thick MT had a lower MBL. There may be an association between adequate KMW and high miRNA-27a levels. The relationship between MBL and miRNA-27a remains unclear.

Intraoral and maxillofacial abnormalities in patients with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome.

Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) caused by a dominant-negative mutation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3). This disease is characterized by chronic eczematoid dermatitis, recurrent staphylococcal skin abscesses, pneumonia, pneumatoceles, and extremely high serum IgE levels. Loss-of-function STAT3 mutations may also result in distinct non-immunologic features such as dental, facial, skeletal, and vascular abnormalities, central nervous system malformations and an increased risk for bone fractures. Prophylactic treatment of Candida infections and prophylactic antimicrobial therapy for staphylococcal skin infections and sinopulmonary infections are essential. An awareness of the oral and maxillofacial features of HIES may facilitate early diagnosis with genetic counselling and may improve future patient care. This study describes oral, dental, and maxillofacial manifestations in 14 patients with genetically defined AD-HIES. We also review the literature and propose recommendations for the complex care of patients with this rare primary immunodeficiency.

Effect of Maxillary Sinus Anatomy on Bone Gain After Lateral Window Sinus Floor Elevation: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of maxillary sinus anatomy on sinus floor elevation (SFE) operations performed with the lateral window approach. Materials and Methods: CBCT and digital panoramic radiographs were evaluated before and at least 6 months after maxillary sinus floor elevation (SFE) operations performed in 33 maxillary sinus regions in 26 patients. Maxillary sinus volume, grafted volume (GV), sinus width (SW), residual bone height (RBH), and vertical graft resorption (VGR) were calculated. The effects of RBH and SW on GV and VGR were evaluated statistically. Results: The mean GV values in the maxillary sinuses classified as narrow, average, and wide were 2.60 ± 0.57, 3.44 ± 0.65, and 3.70 ± 0.64 cm3, respectively. The mean VGR was 2.12 ± 1.67 mm, and in the sites classified as narrow, average, and wide, the mean VGR values were 1.50 ± 0.79, 1.58 ± 1.28, and 3.46 ± 2.06 mm, respectively. A statistically significant difference in GV and VGR was found between the SW groups. The mean posterior maxillary RBH was 2.30 ± 1.05 mm, and 17 and 16 sinuses were classified as ≤ 2 and > 2 mm, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of RBH on GV or VGR. Conclusion: Although posterior maxillary RBH did not affect new bone formation in the sinuses grafted only with hydroxyapatite-derived inorganic bovine bone, with increasing SW, the GV decreased and the VGR increased.

Splith mouth randomized control trial comparison of T-PRF and subepithelial connective tissue graft in the treatment of maxillar multiple gingival recessions.

AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the treatment efficacy of the bilateral multiple gingival recession areas with a titanium-platelet-rich-fibrin (T-PRF) and subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) combined with a modified coronal advanced flap (MCAF) and the clinical results. METHOD: In the study, 118 maxillary bilateral multiple Miller I recessions were treated. Gingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth, gingival thickness, recession height, recession width, keratinized gingival width and open root surface area were measured at baseline and at 6 months. Postoperative pain levels Visual Analog Scale, healing status, wound healing index evaluated with. The results of both groups pre and postoperative were compared. RESULTS: The initial recession height was 2.15 ± 1.0 mm in the T-PRF group; 2.04 ± 0.80 mm in the SCTG group. After 6 months, the mean root closure rate was 61.77%, 75.31% in T-PRF and SCTG group, respectively. Clinical attachment gain was achieved in both groups compared to baseline. When the results were compared, the gains achieved in the SCTG group were statistically significantly higher. It was determined that patient satisfaction was higher in T-PRF group and wound healing was faster. CONCLUSION: Considering the advantages of T-PRF such as providing effective results in the treatment of defects, patient satisfaction and rapid recovery; It can be applied as an alternative to SCTG. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: T-PRF can be an alternative to SCTG in the treatment of gingival recessions.

Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and digital panoramic radiography for detecting peri-implant alveolar bone changes using trabecular micro-structure analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We compared changes in fractal dimension (FD) and grayscale value (GSV) of peri-implant alveolar bone on digital panoramic radiography (DPR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) immediately after implant surgery and 12 months postoperative. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 16 patients who received posterior mandibular area dental implants with CBCT scans taken about 2 weeks after implantation and one year after implantation were analyzed. A region of interest was selected for each patient. FDs and GSVs were evaluated immediately after implant surgery and at 12-month follow-up to examine the functional loading of the implants. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between DPR and CBCT measurements of FD values (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between FD values and GSVs calculated after implant surgery and at the 12-month follow-up (P>0.05). GSVs were not correlated with FD values (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The DPR and reconstructed panoramic CBCT images exhibit similar image quality for the assessment of FD. There were no changes in FD values or GSVs of the peri-implant trabecular bone structure at the 12-month postoperative evaluation of the functional loading of the implant in comparison to values immediately after implantation. GSVs representing bone mass do not align with FD values that predict bone microstructural parameters. Therefore, GSVs and FDs should be considered different parameters for assessing bone quality.

Comparison of Osteoimmunological and Microbiological Parameters of Extra Short and Longer Implants Loaded in the Posterior Mandible: A Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of TNF-α, PGE2, RANKL, RANK, OPG, the markers of periimplant bone loss in peri-implant crevicular fluid obtained around standard and extra short implants. Moreover, the levels of putative oral pathogens were investigated in the submucosal biofilm samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The implants were divided into two groups according to their lengths: standard (≥8 mm) and extra short (4 mm). A total of 60 implants were researched in 30 patients. The probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), 3-year survival rate (CSR), and bone loss (BL) were measured. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in the values of PD, CAL, BOP, CSR, and BL between the groups (P> 0.05). Total amounts of PGE2, TNF-α, RANKL, RANK, OPG, and RANKL/OPG were not statistically significantly different between the groups (P> 0.05). The abundance of F. nucleatum, T. forsythia, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, S. oralis and T. denticola was compared between the groups and the results were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that PGE2, TNF-α, RANKL, RANK, OPG, and RANKL/OPG in PICF, as well as microbiological parameters in submucosal biofilms, were similar between standard (≥8 mm) and extra short (4 mm) implants. Therefore, the implant length does not seem to influence the bone loss, levels of osteoimmunological and microbiological markers in the peri-implant tissues and survival rates.

The Effect of Different Dental Implant Surface Characteristics on Bone Immunologic Biomarkers and Microbiologic Parameters: A Randomized Clinical Study.

This study assessed the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Streptococcus oralis in areas where airborne particle-abraded, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA), fluorine-modified, and anodized implant surfaces are used. A total of 71 implants from 37 patients were assessed, grouped according to the surface characteristics of the implants: SLA surface (Group 1), fluorine-modified surface (Group 2), and anodized surface (Group 3). The following clinical indices were measured: Gingival Index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and keratinized tissue width (KTW). Peri-implant sulcus fluid and subgingival plaque samples were also collected. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased for measuring TNF-α, PGE2, RANKL, RANK, and OPG. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect P intermedia, T forsythia, T denticola, F nucleatum, P gingivalis, and S oralis levels in the subgingival biofilms. The groups showed no statistically significant differences in GI, PD, BOP, CAL, KTW, or peri-implant status. The total amounts of PGE2, TNF-α, RANKL, RANK, and OPG and the RANKL/OPG ratio were not significantly different between groups. F nucleatum, T forsythia, P intermedia, P gingivalis, and T denticola were significantly higher in Group 3 implants. DNA concentrations of S oralis were higher in Group 2. Within the limitations of this study, SLA and fluorine-modified implant surfaces may be more clinically successful than anodized-surface implants.

Effect of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the rate of tooth movement.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficiency of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) in accelerating canine tooth movement and to examine levels of the matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients (mean age = 21.4 ± 2.9 years) with Class II Division 1 malocclusion were included in a split-mouth study. The treatment plan for all patients was extraction of maxillary first premolars followed by canine distalization with closed-coil springs using 150 g of force on each side. The study group received i-PRF two times, with a 2-week interval, on one side of the maxilla. The contralateral side served as the control and did not receive i-PRF. Maxillary canine tooth movement was measured at five time points (T1-T5) on each side. Also, the activity of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated at three time points in the gingival crevicular fluid samples. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in canine tooth movement between the two groups (P < .001). i-PRF significantly increased the rate of tooth movement, and stimulation in the levels of inflammatory cytokines supported this result (P < .001). The levels of cytokines changed in both groups between T1 and T2. The IL-1ß, MMP8, and RANKL values were significantly increased in the study group compared with the control group, while the OPG values were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: i-PRF-facilitated orthodontics is an effective and safe treatment modality to accelerate tooth movement, and this method can help shorten orthodontic treatment duration.

Enhancement of Immediate Implant Stability and Recovery Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on immediate implant stability and recovery. A total of 60 immediate implants were evaluated. After the extraction, using split-mouth design, test sockets were coated with L-PRF (L-PRF+) and control sockets were not (L-PRF-). All the implants were followed for 12 months. Results showed a statistically significant difference between the stability of L-PRF+ and L-PRF- implants at 1 week and at 1 month. Mean marginal bone resorption was higher in the control group at 1 year.

Assessment of the effectiveness of platelet rich fibrin in the treatment of Schneiderian membrane perforation.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) treatment of maxillary sinus membrane perforation on bone formation and new vascular supply and the success of dental implant survival rate. METHODS: The dataset for this retrospective study consists of patients who received sinus augmentation using the lateral wall technique. A total of 16 patients (20 sinuses) the patients without sinus membrane perforation (10 maxiller sinus area with sinus floor augmentation) and with Schneiderian perforation (10 maxiller sinus area repairing with PRF and augmented sinus floor area) were included in this study. The bone height was measured by comparing the preoperative and postoperative dental CBCT scans. Histological sections were evaluated for possible vasculogenesis augmented sinuses area. RESULTS: In both groups, it was observed that the possible vasculogenesis augmented sinuses area increased. Implant survival rates in both groups found that one hundred percent and any bone loss around implants were not observed. An apparent increase in alveolar bone height was observed and measured in CBCT scans. CONCLUSIONS: PRF can be considered as an alternative material for repairing sinus perforations because it is fully autogenous and easy manipulated.

Effects of different desensitizers and lasers on dentine tubules: An in-vitro analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dentin hypersensitivity is an important clinical problem affecting a large percentage of the population, and various therapies have been suggested for its treatment-among them desensitizing agents and lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of different in-office desensitizing agents and different type lasers, alone or in combination, on human dentinal tubules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four dentinal specimens obtained from freshly extracted impacted third molars were included and subsequently divided into seven groups: Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Gluma desensitizer), Group 3 (Teethmate desensitizer), Group 4 (Nd:YAG laser), Group 5 (Er:YAG laser), Group 6 (Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser), and Group 7 (Teethmate desensitizer + Er:YAG laser). The dentinal specimens of all groups were evaluated using SEM. A total of 12 images per sample were taken, and the numbers of open, partially occluded, and totally visible (open + partially occluded) dentinal tubules were counted. AFM was used to further substantiate the blocking mechanism. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett-C tests. RESULTS: Comparison of the number of occluded dentinal tubules per 100 µm2 revealed that the laser and laser combined-treated groups showed the most occluded dentinal tubules. Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser combination demonstrated significantly more tubule occlusion than all the other groups (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that combined treatment methods were effective in the occlusion of dentinal tubules.

The Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Versus Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft in Treatment of Multiple Gingival Recessions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane used in combination with a modified coronally advanced flap (MCAF) and to compare it with the use of a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) in combination with a MCAF in treatment of Miller Class I and II bilateral multiple gingival recessions. A total of 20 patients with multiple Miller Class I and II maxillary gingival recession defects participated in this randomized, split-mouth, controlled study. A total of 60 defects received either PRF + MCAF (test group, n = 30) or MCAF with SCTG (control group, n = 30). Gingival recession depth (RD), keratinized tissue width (KTW), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival thickness (GT) were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months. Patients' discomfort postsurgery was measured by comparing visual analog scale scores. The percentage of root coverage was 84% in the control group and 77.12% in the test group (P = .007). Complete root coverage of the control and test groups was 60% and 50%, respectively (P = .112). KTW and GT increased in both groups from baseline to 6 months (P < .001). At 6 months postoperative, KTW was greater in the control group (P = .024) and GT was higher in the test group (P = .005). Use of a PRF membrane in gingival recession treatment decreased postoperative discomfort compared to SCTG-treated gingival recessions (P < .001). Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that localized gingival recessions could be successfully treated with MCAF + PRF as well as MCAF + SCTG. The PRF technique has the bonus advantage of being more comfortable during the postoperative period. The author suggests that the use of PRF is a valid alternative to SCTG for the treatment of localized gingival recessions.

Positive effect of platelet rich fibrin on osseointegration

BACKGROUND: Leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) is a second generation platelet concentrate clinically used to accelerate tissue healing and bone regeneration. Achieving reduced implant osseointegration time could provide immediate or early loading of implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the L-PRF-induced osseointegration and bone-implant contact (BIC) in an experimental animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve 4-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were used. Following general anesthesia, 3-5 mL of blood was obtained from the central artery in rabbit ear and L-PRF was prepared. Two implant cavities (5 mm long and 3 mm in diameter) were created in each tibia with a total of four cavities in each animal. Two of these cavities were selected and covered with PRF (test group). The remaining L-PRF was used to soak the implants placed into the L-PRF covered sockets. Other cavities were left as controls. In total, 48 implants were placed. Animals were sacrificed after two, three, or four weeks. Histological samples were obtained and periimplant tissues were histomorphometrically evaluated for bone-to-implant contact and new bone formation. RESULTS: Histomorphometric analyses of the defects revealed that the L-PRF was detectable up to the second week. Application of L-PRF increased the rate and amount of new bone formation in the experimental group compared to the control group. Bone-to-implant contact was enhanced when the surface was prewetted with LPRF (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that L-PRF application may increases amount and rate of new bone formation during the early healing period and provides a faster osseointegration around implants

The effect of platelet-rich fibrin on implant stability.

PURPOSE: Achieving accelerated implant osseointegration could make immediate or early loading of implants more predictable. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is frequently used to accelerate soft and hard tissue healing. The activated platelets in PRF release growth factors, resulting in cellular proliferation, collagen synthesis, and osteoid production. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of dental implants inserted in a one-stage surgical protocol with or without PRF application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy patients with adequate alveolar bone and two or more adjacent missing teeth extracted at least 6 months previously were included in this study. A minimum of two tapered implants (Ankylos, Dentsply/Friadent) were placed in each patient. After surgical preparation of the implant sockets, PRF that had been prepared preoperatively was placed randomly into one of the sockets (PRF+). The acellular plasma portion of PRF was used to wet the implant placed into the PRF-coated socket. Resonance frequency measurements were made after implant placement and at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean implant stability quotients (ISQs) of the PRF+ implants was 69.3 ± 10.5, and mean ISQs for the PRF- implants was 64.5 ± 12.2 at the end of the first week. The mean ISQs at 4 weeks postoperatively were 77.1 ± 7.1 for the PRF+ group and 70.5 ± 7.7 for the PRF- group. CONCLUSION: In this study, PRF application increased implant stability during the early healing period, as evidenced by higher ISQ values. Simple application of this material seems to provide faster osseointegration.

Combined use of alveolar distraction osteogenesis and segmental osteotomy in anterior vertical ridge augmentation.

INTRODUCTION: Vertical defects of the anterioral veolar ridge are challenging cases in implant dentistry. Various techniques, such as onlay bone grafting, segmental osteotomy (SO) oral veolar distraction osteogenesis (ADO), have been suggested to manage those situations. ADO has an advantage of being capable of enhancing both hard and soft tissue simultaneously. PRESENTATION OF CASE: One of the possible complications of ADO is rotation ortilting the transport segment (TS). In this report, we present a 30-year old woman who had a severe anterior vertical deficiency. ADO was started to manage the case, but advancement of the TS lagged on the left side and the segment rotated. A SO was planned and the lagged side was corrected. Two years after the surgery, hard and soft tissue gains were found to be preserved. DISCUSSION: Vertical alveolar bone deficiencies are challenging cases for dental implantology. Alveolar DO promotes soft tissue along with hard tissue, and the bone regeneration process and shows lower infection rates and greater stability over the long term. However, the technique has some disadvantages and can lead to complications, such as breaking of the distraction device, nerve injury or paresthesia, fracture of transport bone, hematoma, wound dehiscence, severe bleeding, and even jaw fractures. Deviation of the TS from the distraction path is another undesired situation. The rigidity of the device, the width of the mucosa, the volume of the transport and anchor segments, and the amount of augmentation can affect vector deviation. CONCLUSION: We suggest that SO can be used in similar cases in which TS could not be distracted on a straight vector line.

The effects of the 1999 Turkish earthquake on young children: analyzing traumatized children's completion of short stories.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether projective techniques could identify long-term consequences among children stemming from exposure to a traumatic event. The first group of children (n = 53; 26 female, 27 male) experienced 2 major earthquakes at age 7, 3 months apart, in Turkey, while a similarly matched control group (n = 50; 25 female, 25 male) did not. Both groups of children (current age: 9) completed a series of short stories related to disastrous events. Results indicated that the traumatized group evinced a range of trauma-related symptoms 2 years after experiencing the earthquakes.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) treatment of Parkinsonian rats increases thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and alters the release of nerve growth factor (NGF) by mast cells.

The ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus (VATh) gathers motor information from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) of the basal ganglia and projects directly to motor areas of cortex. GPi/SNpr send their tonically active gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic outputs to VATh. The abnormal firing patterns of GABAergic neurons in GPi/SNpr lead to motor deficits. In Parkinson's disease, the spontaneous firing pattern of GPi/SNpr neurons is abnormal due to the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. In a previous study, we found that systemically administered vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was effective at reversing the motor deficits (but not the decline in striatal dopamine levels) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) exposure). In addition to the beneficial effects on the motor response, VIP could also attenuate both neuronal cell death and the characteristic loss of the myelin sheath that is associated with 6-OHDA administration into the rat striatum. VIP was thought to preserve neurons by inducing native brain mast cells to adopt a nondegranulating phenotype that had the ability to secrete numerous neuroprotective substances, such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and heparin. In the present study, the effect of systemically administered VIP (25 ng/kg i.p.) was investigated on GABA levels of the VATh, dopamine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the corpus striatum, and the NGF, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), serotonin, and heparin content of brain mast cells in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Extracellular concentrations of GABA, dopamine, and DOPAC were measured by microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. NGF, RMCPII, serotonin, and heparin levels were examined by immunohistochemical staining techniques. A total of 48 young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study, and these were assigned to one of six groups. Unilateral injection of 6-OHDA, 2 microl (6 mg/microl), was made into the right corpus striatum. VIP-treated animals received 25 ng/kg VIP i.p. at 2-day intervals for a period of 15 days. The present results demonstrated that VIP significantly increased the levels of GABA in the VATh that were reduced by 6-OHDA application and increased the number of NGF-immunoreactive mast cells but did not alter dopamine metabolism. Therefore, the protective effect of VIP on motor function is possibly related to the increased levels of GABA in the VATh, and its neuroprotective actions may be mediated by the release of NGF from brain mast cells.

Time and temperature dependent microbiological and mycotoxin (ochratoxin-A) levels in boza.

This study describes the examination of microbiological tests and the determination of OTA in boza temperature and time dependently. Prior to the analysis, physicochemical properties of the boza samples such as moisture, total acidity as lactic acid, pH, protein amount and viscosity were investigated. The incidence of total aerobic bacteria (TAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, E.coli, Salmonella, S. aureus, B. cereus, yeast and moulds were examined. E.coli, Salmonella, S. aureus and B. cereus were not found in all boza samples. Initially, Aspergillus fumigatus; Acremonium sp.; Geotrichum candidum and Geotrichum capitatum were identified in the samples. Certain extraction techniques such as direct injection, liquid-liquid and solid phase (SP) were tried for the OTA analysis. The most available way was found to be direct injection among them and the recovery was 70.56%+/-9.80 (13.89 RSD). OTA amounts were determined in all boza samples utilizing an isocratic HPLC analysis with an ODS column. OTA was detected in only one sample as 3.58 microg/kg and this amount is above the limits of European Commission Regulations. Time and temperature-dependent changes were investigated and insignificant variation was observed.

Adsorption of Acid Blue 193 from aqueous solutions onto DEDMA-sepiolite.

The adsorption of Acid Blue 193 (AB193) onto dodecylethyldimethylammonium (DEDMA)-sepiolite was investigated in aqueous solution in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH and temperature. The surface modification of DEDMA-sepiolite was examined by the FT-IR technique. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the intraparticle diffusion model were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data fitted very well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and also followed the simple external diffusion model up to initial 10 min and then by intraparticle diffusion model up to 75 min, whereas diffusion is not only the rate-controlling step. The adsorption capacities of natural sepiolite and DEDMA-sepiolite at pH 1.5 and 20 degrees C were (1.19 and 2.57) x 10(-4) mol g(-1), respectively. The above results indicate that DEDMA-sepiolite has around two times higher adsorption capacity than natural sepiolite. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were also determined. The Freundlich model agrees with experimental data well. The activation energy, change of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were also evaluated for the adsorption of AB193 onto DEDMA-sepiolite.